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(0.000,0.000) Sensory Systems 
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(623.059,509.674) Hair rec 
(623.059,509.674) eptor 
(623.059,509.674) , 
(623.059,509.674) Meissner’s c 
(623.059,509.674) orpuscle 
(623.059,509.674) : De- 
(623.059,509.674) tec 
(623.059,509.674) t an insec 
(623.059,509.674) t or a v 
(623.059,509.674) er 
(623.059,509.674) y ￿ne vibration. 
(623.059,509.674) Used f 
(623.059,509.674) or rec 
(623.059,509.674) ognizing te 
(623.059,509.674) xture. 
(623.059,509.674) Merk 
(623.059,509.674) el’ 
(623.059,509.674) s rec 
(623.059,509.674) ep 
(623.059,509.674) tor: Used f 
(623.059,509.674) or spa- 
(623.059,509.674) tial details, e.g. a round surfac 
(623.059,509.674) e 
(623.059,509.674) edge or “ 
(623.059,509.674) an X” in brail. 
(623.059,509.674) Deep rec 
(623.059,509.674) ep 
(623.059,509.674) tor / 
(623.059,509.674) large rec 
(623.059,509.674) ep 
(623.059,509.674) tiv 
(623.059,509.674) e 
(623.059,509.674) ￿eld 
(623.059,509.674) P 
(623.059,509.674) acinian c 
(623.059,509.674) orpuscle 
(623.059,509.674) : “ 
(623.059,509.674) A diffuse vibra- 
(623.059,509.674) tion” e.g. tapping with a pencil. 
(623.059,509.674) R 
(623.059,509.674) uf￿ni’s c 
(623.059,509.674) orpuscle 
(623.059,509.674) : “ 
(623.059,509.674) A skin 
(623.059,509.674) stretch” 
(623.059,509.674) . Used f 
(623.059,509.674) or joint position 
(623.059,509.674) in ￿ngers. 
(623.059,509.674) T 
(623.059,509.674) able 1 
(623.059,509.674) Notice how ￿gure captions and 
(623.059,509.674) sidenotes are shown in the outside 
(623.059,509.674) margin ( 
(623.059,509.674) on the left or right, depending 
(623.059,509.674) on whether the page is left or right). 
(623.059,509.674) Also, ￿gures are ￿oated to the top/ 
(623.059,509.674) bottom of the page. Wide content, lik 
(623.059,509.674) e 
(623.059,509.674) the table and Figure 3, intrude into the 
(623.059,509.674) outside margins. 
(623.059,509.674) or 
(623.059,509.674) polymodal 
(623.059,509.674) rec 
(623.059,509.674) eptors 
(623.059,509.674) . 
(623.059,509.674) P 
(623.059,509.674) olymodal 
(623.059,509.674) rec 
(623.059,509.674) ep 
(623.059,509.674) tors 
(623.059,509.674) respond 
(623.059,509.674) no 
(623.059,509.674) t 
(623.059,509.674) only 
(623.059,509.674) to 
(623.059,509.674) intense 
(623.059,509.674) mechanical 
(623.059,509.674) stimuli, 
(623.059,509.674) but 
(623.059,509.674) also 
(623.059,509.674) to 
(623.059,509.674) heat 
(623.059,509.674) and 
(623.059,509.674) to 
(623.059,509.674) no 
(623.059,509.674) xious 
(623.059,509.674) chemicals. 
(623.059,509.674) These 
(623.059,509.674) rec 
(623.059,509.674) ep 
(623.059,509.674) tors 
(623.059,509.674) respond 
(623.059,509.674) to 
(623.059,509.674) minute 
(623.059,509.674) punc 
(623.059,509.674) tures 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) epithelium, 
(623.059,509.674) with 
(623.059,509.674) a 
(623.059,509.674) response 
(623.059,509.674) magnitude 
(623.059,509.674) that 
(623.059,509.674) depends 
(623.059,509.674) on 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) degree 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) tissue 
(623.059,509.674) def 
(623.059,509.674) ormation. 
(623.059,509.674) The 
(623.059,509.674) y 
(623.059,509.674) al- 
(623.059,509.674) so 
(623.059,509.674) respond 
(623.059,509.674) to 
(623.059,509.674) temperatures 
(623.059,509.674) in 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) range 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) 40–60°C, 
(623.059,509.674) and 
(623.059,509.674) change 
(623.059,509.674) their 
(623.059,509.674) response 
(623.059,509.674) rates 
(623.059,509.674) as 
(623.059,509.674) a 
(623.059,509.674) linear 
(623.059,509.674) func 
(623.059,509.674) tion 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) warm- 
(623.059,509.674) ing 
(623.059,509.674) (in 
(623.059,509.674) c 
(623.059,509.674) ontrast 
(623.059,509.674) with 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) saturating 
(623.059,509.674) responses 
(623.059,509.674) display 
(623.059,509.674) ed 
(623.059,509.674) b 
(623.059,509.674) y 
(623.059,509.674) non-no 
(623.059,509.674) xious thermorec 
(623.059,509.674) ep 
(623.059,509.674) tors at high temperatures). 
(623.059,509.674) P 
(623.059,509.674) ain 
(623.059,509.674) signals 
(623.059,509.674) can 
(623.059,509.674) be 
(623.059,509.674) separated 
(623.059,509.674) into 
(623.059,509.674) individual 
(623.059,509.674) c 
(623.059,509.674) ompo- 
(623.059,509.674) nents, 
(623.059,509.674) c 
(623.059,509.674) orresponding 
(623.059,509.674) to 
(623.059,509.674) diff 
(623.059,509.674) erent 
(623.059,509.674) t 
(623.059,509.674) ypes 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) ner 
(623.059,509.674) v 
(623.059,509.674) e 
(623.059,509.674) ￿bers 
(623.059,509.674) used 
(623.059,509.674) f 
(623.059,509.674) or 
(623.059,509.674) transmit 
(623.059,509.674) ting 
(623.059,509.674) these 
(623.059,509.674) signals. 
(623.059,509.674) The 
(623.059,509.674) rapidly 
(623.059,509.674) transmit- 
(623.059,509.674) ted 
(623.059,509.674) signal, 
(623.059,509.674) which 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) ten 
(623.059,509.674) has 
(623.059,509.674) high 
(623.059,509.674) spatial 
(623.059,509.674) resolution, 
(623.059,509.674) is 
(623.059,509.674) called 
(623.059,509.674) ￿rst 
(623.059,509.674) pain 
(623.059,509.674) or 
(623.059,509.674) cutaneous 
(623.059,509.674) pricking 
(623.059,509.674) pain 
(623.059,509.674) . 
(623.059,509.674) It 
(623.059,509.674) is 
(623.059,509.674) w 
(623.059,509.674) ell 
(623.059,509.674) local- 
(623.059,509.674) iz 
(623.059,509.674) ed 
(623.059,509.674) and 
(623.059,509.674) easily 
(623.059,509.674) tolerated. 
(623.059,509.674) The 
(623.059,509.674) much 
(623.059,509.674) slo 
(623.059,509.674) w 
(623.059,509.674) er 
(623.059,509.674) , 
(623.059,509.674) highly 
(623.059,509.674) aff 
(623.059,509.674) ec- 
(623.059,509.674) tiv 
(623.059,509.674) e 
(623.059,509.674) c 
(623.059,509.674) omponent 
(623.059,509.674) is 
(623.059,509.674) called 
(623.059,509.674) sec 
(623.059,509.674) ond 
(623.059,509.674) pain 
(623.059,509.674) or 
(623.059,509.674) burning 
(623.059,509.674) pain 
(623.059,509.674) ; 
(623.059,509.674) it 
(623.059,509.674) is 
(623.059,509.674) poorly 
(623.059,509.674) localiz 
(623.059,509.674) ed 
(623.059,509.674) and 
(623.059,509.674) poorly 
(623.059,509.674) tolerated. 
(623.059,509.674) The 
(623.059,509.674) third 
(623.059,509.674) or 
(623.059,509.674) deep 
(623.059,509.674) pain 
(623.059,509.674) , 
(623.059,509.674) arising 
(623.059,509.674) from 
(623.059,509.674) visc 
(623.059,509.674) era, 
(623.059,509.674) musculature 
(623.059,509.674) and 
(623.059,509.674) joints, 
(623.059,509.674) is 
(623.059,509.674) also 
(623.059,509.674) poorly 
(623.059,509.674) localiz 
(623.059,509.674) ed, 
(623.059,509.674) can 
(623.059,509.674) be 
(623.059,509.674) chronic 
(623.059,509.674) and 
(623.059,509.674) is 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) ten 
(623.059,509.674) associated 
(623.059,509.674) with ref 
(623.059,509.674) erred pain. 
(623.059,509.674) Muscle Spindles 
(623.059,509.674) Scat 
(623.059,509.674) tered 
(623.059,509.674) throughout 
(623.059,509.674) virtually 
(623.059,509.674) e 
(623.059,509.674) v 
(623.059,509.674) er 
(623.059,509.674) y 
(623.059,509.674) striated 
(623.059,509.674) muscle 
(623.059,509.674) in 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) body 
(623.059,509.674) are 
(623.059,509.674) long, 
(623.059,509.674) thin, 
(623.059,509.674) stretch 
(623.059,509.674) rec 
(623.059,509.674) ep 
(623.059,509.674) tors 
(623.059,509.674) called 
(623.059,509.674) muscle 
(623.059,509.674) spin- 
(623.059,509.674) dles. 
(623.059,509.674) The 
(623.059,509.674) y 
(623.059,509.674) are 
(623.059,509.674) quite 
(623.059,509.674) simple 
(623.059,509.674) in 
(623.059,509.674) principle, 
(623.059,509.674) c 
(623.059,509.674) onsisting 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) a 
(623.059,509.674) f 
(623.059,509.674) e 
(623.059,509.674) w 
(623.059,509.674) small 
(623.059,509.674) muscle 
(623.059,509.674) ￿bers 
(623.059,509.674) with 
(623.059,509.674) a 
(623.059,509.674) capsule 
(623.059,509.674) surrounding 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) middle 
(623.059,509.674) third 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) ￿bers. 
(623.059,509.674) These 
(623.059,509.674) ￿bers 
(623.059,509.674) are 
(623.059,509.674) called 
(623.059,509.674) intrafusal 
(623.059,509.674) ￿bers 
(623.059,509.674) , 
(623.059,509.674) in 
(623.059,509.674) c 
(623.059,509.674) ontrast 
(623.059,509.674) to 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) ordinar 
(623.059,509.674) y 
(623.059,509.674) extrafusal 
(623.059,509.674) ￿bers 
(623.059,509.674) . 
(623.059,509.674) The 
(623.059,509.674) ends 
(623.059,509.674) of 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) intrafusal 
(623.059,509.674) ￿bers 
(623.059,509.674) are 
(623.059,509.674) at 
(623.059,509.674) tached 
(623.059,509.674) to 
(623.059,509.674) e 
(623.059,509.674) xtrafusal 
(623.059,509.674) ￿bers, 
(623.059,509.674) so 
(623.059,509.674) when- 
(623.059,509.674) e 
(623.059,509.674) v 
(623.059,509.674) er 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) muscle 
(623.059,509.674) is 
(623.059,509.674) stretched, 
(623.059,509.674) the 
(623.059,509.674) intrafusal 
(623.059,509.674) ￿bers 
(623.059,509.674) are 
(623.059,509.674) also 
(623.059,509.674) Anatom 
(623.059,509.674) y of the Somatosensory System 
(623.059,509.674) 3 
(0.000,0.000) Force 
(0.000,0.000) control 
(0.000,0.000) signal 
(0.000,0.000) Driving 
(0.000,0.000) signal 
(0.000,0.000) Length 
(0.000,0.000) control 
(0.000,0.000) signal 
(0.000,0.000) Load 
(0.000,0.000) External 
(0.000,0.000) forces 
(0.000,0.000) Tendon 
(0.000,0.000) organs 
(0.000,0.000) Muscle force 
(0.000,0.000) Muscle 
(0.000,0.000) length 
(0.000,0.000) Force feedback 
(0.000,0.000) Length & 
(0.000,0.000) velocity 
(0.000,0.000) feedback 
(0.000,0.000) Force (Golgi tendon organ) 
(0.000,0.000) Spindles 
(0.000,0.000) Gamma bias 
(0.000,0.000) Length (secondary muscle-spindel afferents) 
(0.000,0.000) Length error (primary muscle-spindel afferents) 
(0.000,0.000) Velocity (primary muscle-spindel afferents) 
(232.548,277.477) Muscle 
(232.548,277.477) Inter- 
(232.548,277.477) neurons 
(66.651,327.089) Figure 
(66.651,327.089) 3: 
(66.651,327.089) Feedback 
(66.651,327.089) loops 
(66.651,327.089) for 
(66.651,327.089) proprioc 
(66.651,327.089) eptiv 
(66.651,327.089) e 
(66.651,327.089) signals 
(66.651,327.089) for 
(66.651,327.089) the 
(66.651,327.089) perc 
(66.651,327.089) eption 
(66.651,327.089) and 
(66.651,327.089) c 
(66.651,327.089) ontrol 
(66.651,327.089) of 
(66.651,327.089) limb 
(66.651,327.089) mov 
(66.651,327.089) e- 
(66.651,327.089) ments. A 
(66.651,327.089) rrows indic 
(66.651,327.089) ate ex 
(66.651,327.089) citatory c 
(66.651,327.089) onnections; ￿lled circles inhibitory c 
(66.651,327.089) onnections. 
(66.651,327.089) F 
(66.651,327.089) or more e 
(66.651,327.089) xamples of how to use 
(66.651,327.089) HTML and CSS for paper-based 
(66.651,327.089) publishing, see 
(66.651,327.089) css4.pub 
(66.651,327.089) . 
(66.651,327.089) stretched. 
(66.651,327.089) The 
(66.651,327.089) c 
(66.651,327.089) entral 
(66.651,327.089) region 
(66.651,327.089) of 
(66.651,327.089) each 
(66.651,327.089) intrafusal 
(66.651,327.089) ￿ber 
(66.651,327.089) has 
(66.651,327.089) f 
(66.651,327.089) e 
(66.651,327.089) w 
(66.651,327.089) my 
(66.651,327.089) o￿laments 
(66.651,327.089) and 
(66.651,327.089) is 
(66.651,327.089) non-c 
(66.651,327.089) ontrac 
(66.651,327.089) tile, 
(66.651,327.089) but 
(66.651,327.089) it 
(66.651,327.089) does 
(66.651,327.089) hav 
(66.651,327.089) e 
(66.651,327.089) one 
(66.651,327.089) or 
(66.651,327.089) more 
(66.651,327.089) sensor 
(66.651,327.089) y 
(66.651,327.089) endings 
(66.651,327.089) applied 
(66.651,327.089) to 
(66.651,327.089) it. 
(66.651,327.089) When 
(66.651,327.089) the 
(66.651,327.089) mus- 
(66.651,327.089) cle 
(66.651,327.089) is 
(66.651,327.089) stretched, 
(66.651,327.089) the 
(66.651,327.089) c 
(66.651,327.089) entral 
(66.651,327.089) part 
(66.651,327.089) of 
(66.651,327.089) the 
(66.651,327.089) intrafusal 
(66.651,327.089) ￿ber 
(66.651,327.089) is 
(66.651,327.089) stretched and each sensor 
(66.651,327.089) y ending ￿res impulses. 
(66.651,327.089) Muscle 
(66.651,327.089) spindles 
(66.651,327.089) also 
(66.651,327.089) rec 
(66.651,327.089) eiv 
(66.651,327.089) e 
(66.651,327.089) a 
(66.651,327.089) mo 
(66.651,327.089) tor 
(66.651,327.089) inner 
(66.651,327.089) vation. 
(66.651,327.089) The 
(66.651,327.089) large 
(66.651,327.089) mo 
(66.651,327.089) tor 
(66.651,327.089) neurons 
(66.651,327.089) that 
(66.651,327.089) supply 
(66.651,327.089) e 
(66.651,327.089) xtrafusal 
(66.651,327.089) muscle 
(66.651,327.089) ￿bers 
(66.651,327.089) are 
(66.651,327.089) called 
(66.651,327.089) alpha 
(66.651,327.089) motor 
(66.651,327.089) neurons 
(66.651,327.089) , 
(66.651,327.089) while 
(66.651,327.089) the 
(66.651,327.089) smaller 
(66.651,327.089) ones 
(66.651,327.089) sup- 
(66.651,327.089) plying 
(66.651,327.089) the 
(66.651,327.089) c 
(66.651,327.089) ontrac 
(66.651,327.089) tile 
(66.651,327.089) portions 
(66.651,327.089) of 
(66.651,327.089) intrafusal 
(66.651,327.089) ￿bers 
(66.651,327.089) are 
(66.651,327.089) called 
(66.651,327.089) gamma 
(66.651,327.089) neurons 
(66.651,327.089) . 
(66.651,327.089) Gamma 
(66.651,327.089) mo 
(66.651,327.089) tor 
(66.651,327.089) neurons 
(66.651,327.089) can 
(66.651,327.089) regu- 
(66.651,327.089) late 
(66.651,327.089) the 
(66.651,327.089) sensitivit 
(66.651,327.089) y 
(66.651,327.089) of 
(66.651,327.089) the 
(66.651,327.089) muscle 
(66.651,327.089) spindle 
(66.651,327.089) so 
(66.651,327.089) that 
(66.651,327.089) this 
(66.651,327.089) sensi- 
(66.651,327.089) tivit 
(66.651,327.089) y can be maintained at any giv 
(66.651,327.089) en muscle length. 
(66.651,327.089) Joint r 
(66.651,327.089) ecept 
(66.651,327.089) ors 
(66.651,327.089) The 
(66.651,327.089) joint 
(66.651,327.089) rec 
(66.651,327.089) ep 
(66.651,327.089) tors 
(66.651,327.089) are 
(66.651,327.089) lo 
(66.651,327.089) w 
(66.651,327.089) -threshold 
(66.651,327.089) mechanorec 
(66.651,327.089) ep 
(66.651,327.089) tors 
(66.651,327.089) and 
(66.651,327.089) hav 
(66.651,327.089) e 
(66.651,327.089) been 
(66.651,327.089) divided 
(66.651,327.089) into 
(66.651,327.089) f 
(66.651,327.089) our 
(66.651,327.089) groups. 
(66.651,327.089) The 
(66.651,327.089) y 
(66.651,327.089) signal 
(66.651,327.089) diff 
(66.651,327.089) er- 
(66.651,327.089) ent 
(66.651,327.089) charac 
(66.651,327.089) teristics 
(66.651,327.089) of 
(66.651,327.089) joint 
(66.651,327.089) func 
(66.651,327.089) tion 
(66.651,327.089) (position, 
(66.651,327.089) mo 
(66.651,327.089) v 
(66.651,327.089) ements, 
(66.651,327.089) direc 
(66.651,327.089) tion 
(66.651,327.089) and 
(66.651,327.089) speed 
(66.651,327.089) of 
(66.651,327.089) mo 
(66.651,327.089) v 
(66.651,327.089) ements). 
(66.651,327.089) The 
(66.651,327.089) free 
(66.651,327.089) rec 
(66.651,327.089) ep 
(66.651,327.089) tors 
(66.651,327.089) or 
(66.651,327.089) t 
(66.651,327.089) ype 4 joint rec 
(66.651,327.089) ep 
(66.651,327.089) tors are nocic 
(66.651,327.089) ep 
(66.651,327.089) tors. 
(66.651,327.089) F 
(66.651,327.089) rom Wikibooks 
(66.651,327.089) 4