Anatomy of the Somatosensory System FROM W 1 IKIBOOKS Our somatosensory system consists of sensors in the skin and sensors in our muscles, tendons, and joints. The re- This is a sample document to ceptors in the skin, the so called cutaneous receptors, tell showcase page-based formatting. It us about temperature (thermoreceptors), pressure and sur- contains a chapter from a Wikibook face texture (mechano receptors), and pain (nociceptors). called Sensory Systems. None of the The receptors in muscles and joints provide information content has been changed in this about muscle length, muscle tension, and joint angles. article, but some content has been removed. Cutaneous receptors Sensory information from Meissner corpuscles and rapidly adapting afferents leads to adjustment of grip force when objects are lifted. These afferents respond with a brief burst of action potentials when objects move a small dis- tance during the early stages of lifting. In response to Hairy skin Glabrous skin Figure 1: Receptors in the hu- man skin: Mechanoreceptors can Papillary Ridges be free receptors or encapsulated. Examples for free receptors are the hair receptors at the roots of Septa EpidermisFree nerveMerkel’s hairs. Encapsulated receptorsareendin the Pacinian corpuscles and the receptors in the glabrous (hair- less) skin: Meissner corpuscles, Meissne r’sSebaceouscorpusclegland Dermis Ruffni corpuscles and Merkel’s Ruffini’s disks. corpuscle Hair receptor Pacinian corpuscle 1 The following description is based on lecture notes from Laszlo Zaborszky, from Rutgers University. 1 From Wikibooks Figure 2: Mammalian muscle spindle showing typical position in a muscle (left), neuronal con- nections in spinal cord (middle) and expanded schematic (right). The spindle is a stretch receptor with its own motor supply con- sisting of several intrafusal mus- cle fbres. The sensory endings of a primary (group Ia) afferent and a secondary (group II) afferent coil around the non-contractile central portions of the intrafusal fbres. rapidly adapting afferent activity, muscle force increases refexively until the gripped object no longer moves. Such a rapid response to a tactile stimulus is a clear indication of the role played by somatosensory neurons in motor ac- tivity. The slowly adapting Merkel’s receptors are responsible for form and texture perception. As would be expected for receptors mediating form perception, Merkel’s receptors are present at high density in the digits and around the mouth (50/mm² of skin surface), at lower density in oth- er glabrous surfaces, and at very low density in hairy skin. This innervations density shrinks progressively with the passage of time so that by the age of 50, the density in hu- man digits is reduced to 10/mm². Unlike rapidly adapting axons, slowly adapting fbers respond not only to the ini- tial indentation of skin, but also to sustained indentation up to several seconds in duration. Activation of the rapidly adapting Pacinian corpuscles gives a feeling of vibration, while the slowly adapting Ruffni corpuscles respond to the lataral movement or stretching of skin. Nociceptors Nociceptors have free nerve endings. Functionally, skin nociceptors are either high-threshold mechanoreceptors 2 Anatomy of the Somatosensory System Rapidly adapting Slowly adapting Surface receptor / Hair receptor, Meissner’s corpuscle: De- Merkel’s receptor: Used for spa- small receptive tect an insect or a very fne vibration. tial details, e.g. a round surface feld Used for recognizing texture. edge or “an X” in brail. Deep receptor / large receptive Pacinian corpuscle: “A diffuse vibra- Ruffni’s corpuscle: “A skin feld tion” e.g. tapping with a pencil. stretch”. Used for joint position in fngers. Table 1 or polymodal receptors. Polymodal receptors respond not only to intense mechanical stimuli, but also to heat and to noxious chemicals. These receptors respond to minute punctures of the epithelium, with a response magnitude that depends on the degree of tissue deformation. They al- so respond to temperatures in the range of 40–60°C, and change their response rates as a linear function of warm- ing (in contrast with the saturating responses displayed by non-noxious thermoreceptors at high temperatures). Pain signals can be separated into individual compo- nents, corresponding to different types of nerve fbers Notice how fgure captions and used for transmitting these signals. The rapidly transmit- sidenotes are shown in the outside ted signal, which often has high spatial resolution, is margin (on the left or right, depending called frst pain or cutaneous pricking pain. It is well local- on whether the page is left or right). ized and easily tolerated. The much slower, highly affec- Also, fgures are foated to the top/ tive component is called second pain or burning pain; it is bottom of the page. Wide content, like poorly localized and poorly tolerated. The third or deep the table and Figure 3, intrude into the pain, arising from viscera, musculature and joints, is also outside margins. poorly localized, can be chronic and is often associated with referred pain. Muscle Spindles Scattered throughout virtually every striated muscle in the body are long, thin, stretch receptors called muscle spin- dles. They are quite simple in principle, consisting of a few small muscle fbers with a capsule surrounding the middle third of the fbers. These fbers are called intrafusal fbers, in contrast to the ordinary extrafusal fbers. The ends of the intrafusal fbers are attached to extrafusal fbers, so when- ever the muscle is stretched, the intrafusal fbers are also 3 From Wikibooks Force control Force (Golgi tendon organ) signal Inter- Force feedback neurons External forces Driving Muscle signal Tendon Muscle force length Muscle organs Load Length (secondary muscle-spindel afferents) Length error (primary muscle-spindel afferents) Length & Velocity (primary muscle-spindel afferents) velocity Length feedback Spindles control signal Gamma bias Figure 3: Feedback loops for proprioceptive signals for the perception and control of limb move- ments. Arrows indicate excitatory connections; flled circles inhibitory connections. stretched. The central region of each intrafusal fber has few myoflaments and is non-contractile, but it does have one or more sensory endings applied to it. When the mus- cle is stretched, the central part of the intrafusal fber is stretched and each sensory ending fres impulses. Muscle spindles also receive a motor innervation. The For more examples of how to use large motor neurons that supply extrafusal muscle fbers HTML and CSS for paper-based are called alpha motor neurons, while the smaller ones sup- publishing, see css4.pub. plying the contractile portions of intrafusal fbers are called gamma neurons. Gamma motor neurons can regu- late the sensitivity of the muscle spindle so that this sensi- tivity can be maintained at any given muscle length. Joint receptors The joint receptors are low-threshold mechanoreceptors and have been divided into four groups. They signal differ- ent characteristics of joint function (position, movements, direction and speed of movements). The free receptors or type 4 joint receptors are nociceptors. 4